B&O Railroad Opens First Section

On May 20, 1830, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad inaugurated operations over its pioneering 13-mile track from Baltimore to Ellicott's Mills. This marked the first common-carrier railroad in the United States built for both passengers and freight. Powered initially by horses and the experimental Tom Thumb locomotive designed by Peter Cooper, the line overcame steep grades and sharp curves using innovative strap-iron rails on stone sleepers. The opening symbolized America's shift toward mechanized transport, spurring economic growth in the Chesapeake region and inspiring dozens of other railroads. It also hosted the famous 1830 race between Tom Thumb and a horse-drawn carriage, highlighting the promise and early limitations of steam power.